By

Definition

by /baÇ/ prep ၁။ အနီး၌။ အနား၌။ ေဘး၌။ နံေဘး၌။ a house by the church/river/railway ❍ The telephone is by the window. ❍ Come and sit by me. ❍ We had a day by the sea. ၂။ (ျပဳလုပ္၊ ဖန္တီးသူ/သည့္အရာကိုျပသည့္ စကား)။ ၏။ a play (written) by Shakespeare ❍ a church designed by Wren ❍ He was arrested by the police. ❍ a decision by the trade unions ❍ Who is that record by? ❍ run over by a bus ❍ struck by lightning. ၃။ (က) ျခင္းျဖင့္။ Let me begin by saying… ❍ He shocked the whole company by resigning. (ခ) ျဖင့္။ The room is heated by gas/oil. ❍ May I pay by cheque? ❍ I will contact you by letter/telephone. ❍ He earns his living by writing. ❍ You switch the radio on by pressing this button. ❍ By working hard he gained rapid promotion. (ဂ) (without the ) အားျဖင့္။ meet by chance ❍ a chieve sth by skill/determination ❍ do sth by mistake/accident ❍ The coroner's verdict was ‘death by misadventure’. ၄။ (ယာဥ္ လမ္းခရီးစသည္) ျဖင့္။ နဲ႔။ travel by boat/bus/car/plane ❍ travel by air/land/sea. ၅။ (အခ်ိန္) ေနာက္ဆံုး ထား ၍၊ ထက္ေနာက္ မက်ဘဲ။ မွာ။ Can you finish the work by five o'clock/tomorrow/next Monday? ❍ By this time next week we'll be in New York. ❍ He ought to have arrived by now/by this time. ❍ By the time (that) this letter reaches you I will have left the country. ၆။ ေဘးမွ ျဖတ္ေက်ာ္၍။ He walked by me without speaking. ❍ I go by the church every morning on my way to work. ၇။ က။ မွ။ ကို ျဖတ္သန္း၍။ He entered by the back door. ❍ We travelled to Rome by Milan and Florence. ❍ We came by country roads, not by the motorway. ၈။ (usu without the ) (အခ်ိန္ျပပုဒ္) ၌။ မွာ။ travel by day/night ❍ She sleeps by day and works by night. ❍ The view is best seen by daylight/moonlight. ၉။ (ပမာဏ၊ အတိုင္း အတာ) မွ်။ The bullet missed him by two inches. ❍ House prices went up by 10%. ❍ It would be better by far (ie much better) to… ၁၀။ (က) (ျပၫႊန္ခ်က္) အရ။ By my watch it is two o'clock. ❍ Judging by appearances can be misleading. ❍ I could tell by the look on her face that something terrible had happened. (ခ) (အဆို) အရ။ play a game by the rules ❍ By law, you are a child until you are 18. ❍ ( fml ) by your leave (ie with your permission). ၁၁။ (ဖမ္း၊ ဆြဲ၊ ဆုပ္၊ ကိုင္ရာ ေနရာျပ) ကို။ take sb by the hand ❍ seize sb by the hair/collar/lapel ❍ grab sb by the scruff of the neck. ၁၂။ (with the) (စံျပဳေရတြက္သည့္ ကာလ၊ ပမာဏ) အလိုက္၊ လိုက္။ rent a car by the day/week/month ❍ sell eggs by the dozen/material by the yard/coal by the ton ❍ pay sb by the day/hour ❍ We sell ice-creams by the thousand in the summer. ၁၃။ (အလီလီ ျဖစ္ႏႈန္းပမာဏ၊ အစုကို ျပသည့္စကား)။ …တျခား။ …ခ်င္း။ …စီ။ improving day by day/little by little/bit by bit ❍ The children came in two by two. ၁၄။ (အလုပ္အကိုင္၊ ဇာတိ၊ သေဘာ သဘာဝ) အားျဖင့္။ be German by birth/a lawyer by profession/an artist by nature. ၁၅။ (က်ိန္တြယ္ ရာတြင္) ႏွင့္။ By God! ❍ I swear by Almighty God…/by all that I hold dear… ၁၆။ (က) (ဧရိယာႏွင့္ ထုထည္တို႔၏ အနံ၊ အလ်ား၊ အျမင့္ အတိုင္းအထြာတို႔ကိုျပသည့္ စကားလံုး)။ The room measures fifteen feet by twenty feet. (ခ) (စားေျခ/ ေျမႇာက္ေဖာ္ကိန္းကို ျပသည့္ စကားလံုး)။ ႏွင့္။ 6 (multiplied) by 2 equals 12. ❍ 6 (divided) by 2 equals 3. adv part ၁။ ေက်ာ္၍။ လြန္၍။ ကုန္လြန္၍။ drive/go/run/walk by ❍ He hurried by without speaking to me. ❍ Excuse me, I can't get by. ❍ Time goes by so quickly. ၂။ ကပ္လ်က္။ He lives close/near by. ၃။ အရန္သင့္။ အရန္။ lay/put/set sth by ❍ I always keep a bottle of wine by in case friends call round. ❏ by and by [ IDM ] ( dated ) မ်ားမၾကာမီ။ By and by she met an old man with a beard. ❏ by the by/bye [ IDM ] = BY THE WAY (WAY 1 ) ❏ have/ keep sth by one [ IDM ] လက္လွမ္းမီရာမွာ ထား သည္။ လက္ေစာင္ထား သည္။ အနားမွာထားသည္။ I keep a dictionary by me when I'm doing crosswords. by- (also bye- ) pref (with ns and vs ) ၁။ (အထိုက္အေလ်ာက္သာ အေရးပါေၾကာင္း၊ ေဘးပန္းမွ်ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း အနက္ရိွ ေရွ႕ဆက္ စကားလံုး)။ by-product ❍ bye-law. ၂။ (အနား၌၊ အနားမွ အနက္ရိွသည့္ ေရွ႕ဆက္စကားလံုး)။ bystander ❍ bypass.

Examples

1. Injured refugees were treated by a Red Cross doctor.
2. The abbey was founded by Henry II in 1170.
3. Children are fascinated by the idea of magic.
4. A rebellion by separatist guerrilla forces
5. Damage caused by the storm
6. A novel by Graham Greene
7. Mural paintings by Diego Rivera
8. Reading is taught by traditional methods here.
9. The palace balcony is shielded by bulletproof glass.
10. Every bit of lace is made by hand (=not using a machine).
11. [by doing something] : By using the Internet you can do your shopping from home.
12. [by post/phone/fax etc] : They exchanged New Year’s greetings by email.
13. [by car/train/bus/air etc] : Sophie’s parents arrived by taxi.
14. We returned home by a different route.
15. She went in by the side entrance.
16. Staff generally address each other by their first name.
17. The UN refugee agency is known by its initials UNHCR.
18. I’m going to start off by explaining the purpose of our campaign.
19. The meeting should have finished by 4.30.
20. Application forms must be received by 31st March.
21. By mid afternoon over 5
22. 000 people had visited the exhibition.
23. [by the time (that)] : By the time Charlotte was 15
24. she had already achieved worldwide fame.
25. Take care that you don’t shoot one of us by mistake.
26. We met quite by chance.
27. By a stroke of luck I found the perfect title for my new book.
28. As time went by
29. people’s attitudes changed.
30. The days seem to fly by.
31. House prices rose by an average 23% last year.
32. Owen broke the world record by 2.4 seconds.
33. She walked right by me without saying a word.
34. There were angry shouts from the crowd as the president’s motorcade drove by.
35. She was sitting over there by the window.
36. There’s an ashtray just by your elbow.
37. Casinos are forbidden by law to contribute to political campaigns.
38. In the police force we have to do everything by the rulebook.
39. It’s no use trying to judge 18th-century morality by modern standards.
40. Her performance was amazing by any standard.
41. [drop/stop/come by] : Why don’t you stop by on your way home from work?
42. Peggy dropped by the office this afternoon.
43. Taking me by the arm
44. she led me into the next room.
45. Always pick up a CD by the outer edge to avoid damaging the surface.
46. [by nature/profession/birth/name etc] : She was
47. by nature
48. a cheerful and friendly sort of person.
49. An American by birth
50. Cassidy had spent much of his life in Bolivia.
51. Floor coverings are priced by the square metre.
52. Industrial workers are generally paid by the hour.
53. Sold by the dozen
54. The house has a spacious dining room
55. measuring 18 feet by 15.
56. We are able to offer our readers a fabulous 70 by 50 cm souvenir poster.
57. The company grew by degrees until it controlled over 20% of the telecommunications market.
58. [little by little/bit by bit] : Little by little Philip got used to life on the farm.
59. [day by day/week by week etc] : His medical condition is continuing to improve day by day.
60. [one by one/stage by stage] : One by one the men came forward to receive their medals.
61. [item by item] : The finance committee checks through each document
62. item by item.