by

by /baÇ/ prep

၁။ အနီး၌။ အနား၌။ ဘေး၌။ နံဘေး၌။ a house by the church/river/railway ❍ The telephone is by the window. ❍ Come and sit by me. ❍ We had a day by the sea.
၂။ (ပြုလုပ်၊ ဖန်တီးသူ/သည့်အရာကိုပြသည့် စကား)။ ၏။ a play (written) by Shakespeare ❍ a church designed by Wren ❍ He was arrested by the police. ❍ a decision by the trade unions ❍ Who is that record by? ❍ run over by a bus ❍ struck by lightning.
၃။ (က) ခြင်းဖြင့်။ Let me begin by saying… ❍ He shocked the whole company by resigning. (ခ) ဖြင့်။ The room is heated by gas/oil. ❍ May I pay by cheque? ❍ I will contact you by letter/telephone. ❍ He earns his living by writing. ❍ You switch the radio on by pressing this button. ❍ By working hard he gained rapid promotion. (ဂ) (without the ) အားဖြင့်။ meet by chance ❍ a chieve sth by skill/determination ❍ do sth by mistake/accident ❍ The coroner's verdict was ‘death by misadventure’.
၄။ (ယာဉ် လမ်းခရီးစသည်) ဖြင့်။ နဲ့။ travel by boat/bus/car/plane ❍ travel by air/land/sea.
၅။ (အချိန်) နောက်ဆုံး ထား ၍၊ ထက်နောက် မကျဘဲ။ မှာ။ Can you finish the work by five o'clock/tomorrow/next Monday? ❍ By this time next week we'll be in New York. ❍ He ought to have arrived by now/by this time. ❍ By the time (that) this letter reaches you I will have left the country.
၆။ ဘေးမှ ဖြတ်ကျော်၍။ He walked by me without speaking. ❍ I go by the church every morning on my way to work.
၇။ က။ မှ။ ကို ဖြတ်သန်း၍။ He entered by the back door. ❍ We travelled to Rome by Milan and Florence. ❍ We came by country roads, not by the motorway.
၈။ (usu without the ) (အချိန်ပြပုဒ်) ၌။ မှာ။ travel by day/night ❍ She sleeps by day and works by night. ❍ The view is best seen by daylight/moonlight.
၉။ (ပမာဏ၊ အတိုင်း အတာ) မျှ။ The bullet missed him by two inches. ❍ House prices went up by 10%. ❍ It would be better by far (ie much better) to… ၁၀။ (က) (ပြညွှန်ချက်) အရ။ By my watch it is two o'clock. ❍ Judging by appearances can be misleading. ❍ I could tell by the look on her face that something terrible had happened. (ခ) (အဆို) အရ။ play a game by the rules ❍ By law, you are a child until you are 18. ❍ (fml ) by your leave (ie with your permission).
၁၁။ (ဖမ်း၊ ဆွဲ၊ ဆုပ်၊ ကိုင်ရာ နေရာပြ) ကို။ take sb by the hand ❍ seize sb by the hair/collar/lapel ❍ grab sb by the scruff of the neck.
၁၂။ (with the) (စံပြုရေတွက်သည့် ကာလ၊ ပမာဏ) အလိုက်၊ လိုက်။ rent a car by the day/week/month ❍ sell eggs by the dozen/material by the yard/coal by the ton ❍ pay sb by the day/hour ❍ We sell ice-creams by the thousand in the summer.
၁၃။ (အလီလီ ဖြစ်နှုန်းပမာဏ၊ အစုကို ပြသည့်စကား)။ …တခြား။ …ချင်း။ …စီ။ improving day by day/little by little/bit by bit ❍ The children came in two by two.
၁၄။ (အလုပ်အကိုင်၊ ဇာတိ၊ သဘော သဘာဝ) အားဖြင့်။ be German by birth/a lawyer by profession/an artist by nature.
၁၅။ (ကျိန်တွယ် ရာတွင်) နှင့်။ By God! ❍ I swear by Almighty God…/by all that I hold dear…
၁၆။ (က) (ဧရိယာနှင့် ထုထည်တို့၏ အနံ၊ အလျား၊ အမြင့် အတိုင်းအထွာတို့ကိုပြသည့် စကားလုံး)။ The room measures fifteen feet by twenty feet. (ခ) (စားခြေ/ မြှောက်ဖော်ကိန်းကို ပြသည့် စကားလုံး)။ နှင့်။ 6 (multiplied) by 2 equals 12. ❍ 6 (divided) by 2 equals 3.
adv part
၁။ ကျော်၍။ လွန်၍။ ကုန်လွန်၍။ drive/go/run/walk by ❍ He hurried by without speaking to me. ❍ Excuse me, I can't get by. ❍ Time goes by so quickly.
၂။ ကပ်လျက်။ He lives close/near by.
၃။ အရန်သင့်။ အရန်။ lay/put/set sth by ❍ I always keep a bottle of wine by in case friends call round.
❏ by and by [IDM ] (dated ) များမကြာမီ။ By and by she met an old man with a beard.
❏ by the by/bye [IDM ] = BY THE WAY (WAY¹)
❏ have/ keep sth by one [IDM ] လက်လှမ်းမီရာမှာ ထား သည်။ လက်စောင်ထား သည်။ အနားမှာထားသည်။ I keep a dictionary by me when I'm doing crosswords.

by- (also bye- ) pref (with ns and vs )

၁။ (အထိုက်အလျောက်သာ အရေးပါကြောင်း၊ ဘေးပန်းမျှဖြစ်ကြောင်း အနက်ရှိ ရှေ့ဆက် စကားလုံး)။ by-product ❍ bye-law.
၂။ (အနား၌၊ အနားမှ အနက်ရှိသည့် ရှေ့ဆက်စကားလုံး)။ bystander ❍ bypass.